The recent (February 2019) OECD document for public consultation introduced two proposals to address the challenges of taxation. The first one is the revised profit allocation and nexus rules in the digital economy (Section 2) and the second one is the global anti-base erosion proposal (Section 3). Even though the document is entitled Adressing the Tax Challenges of the Digitalisation of the Economy, it goes beyond this, by introducing two rules in the global anti-base erosion proposal: an income inclusion rule and an undertaxed payments rule.

These two proposals follow up on the introduction of the BEPS Project initiated by the OECD with the political mandate of the G20 and that has been extended by means of the BEPS Inclusive Framework to non-OECD; non-G-20 countries including developing countries. At the time of writing (March 2019), 129 countries are participating in the BEPS Inclusive Framework and have committed to implementing 4 Minimum Standards which deal with harmful tax competition, tax treaty abuse, transfer pricing documentation and dispute resolution.

What is the role of the OECD in global tax governance?

Since developing countries were not part of the BEPS 44 group (G20, OECD and OECD accession countries), these countries did not participate in the setting of the agenda and the content of the BEPS Actions. However, by inviting non-OECD, non-G20 countries to participate in the BEPS Inclusive Framework, these countries were offered equal footing on the implementation of the BEPS 4 Minimum Standards. Despite this equal footing, the legitimacy of the BEPS Project has been questioned by scholars and some developing countries since it does not address the needs of developing countries for an allocation of taxing rights between source and residence (Mosquera, WTJ, 2015). At the same time, the amount of technical resources (personnel, expertise) needed to implement BEPS Minimum Standards and to be regarded as compliant in the peer review process, resulted in developing countries diverting resources from other important problems such as tackling informal economies and tax evasion by individuals among others (Mosquera, Bulletin, 2018).

In order to provide some answers to this question of legitimacy, the link between BEPS and the Sustainable Development Goals should be established so that even if developing countries did not participate in the decision making, the outcome of the BEPS Project will benefit these countries. However, at the time of writing, it has not yet been established that BEPS will help developing countries to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Therefore, further research should be done by international organizations including the OECD and the Platform on Collaboration on Tax on the link between BEPS and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. This research is needed to legitimate the role of the OECD and G20 in respect of developing countries.

Involvement of actors/stakeholders

The BEPS Project is an important step in international taxation that also calls for a redefinition of the role of the OECD, and for more participation and inclusiveness of countries and actors participating in this process. These actors may vary, for instance, business, business associations, judges, academia, government officials, members of the legislative. The success of BEPS requires involvement of stakeholders at all levels, and commitment of countries and actors to implement BEPS 4 Minimum Standards. Therefore, it is important that discussions on the implementation of BEPS take place at national level, and not only at OECD – government official level in the meetings of the BEPS Inclusive Framework taking place in Paris (France). Therefore, in our project Global Tax Governance in International Tax Law Making GLOBTAXGOV, one of the objectives is to carry out empirical research on the role of these actors in the implementation of the BEPS 4 Minimum Standards with a view to identifying the differences in the legal culture of the country that will result in a different implementation of the Minimum Standard than the one envisaged by the OECD and the BEPS Inclusive Framework peer review group. This research is being carried out in 12 countries with different legal and tax systems and from different regions i.e. the United States, Colombia, Mexico, Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, India, Senegal, South Africa, Nigeria, Singapore and Australia.

In addition to the response by scholars, business, think tanks and tax advisors to the public consultation document on the proposal on the digital economy (Section 2), it is also important to address the global anti-base erosion proposal (Section 3) of the document and the introduction of an income inclusion rule. While acknowledging that developing countries often with smaller markets are dependent on natural resource taxation, and on tax incentives and free trade zones to attract foreign direct investment, the OECD states in the public document that the global anti-base erosion proposal “seeks to advance a multilateral framework to achieve a balanced outcome which makes business location decisions less sensitive to tax considerations, limit compliance and administration costs and avoid double taxation” (p. 24 document).

The introduction of this income inclusion rule calls for an analysis on the role of the OECD and the actors in global tax governance including the differences between developed and developing countries and the need of developing countries to introduce tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment .

The proposal introduces the income inclusion rule that will supplement Controlled Foreign Corporations’ rules (Action 3 BEPS) and at the same time introduce a minimum tax based in the United States Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI). Furthermore, since it mentions that Member States could choose to adopt the rule through an EU Directive, it may be reasonably expected that if the proposal is adopted, the European Commission will introduce a new Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (following ATAD 1 and 2) to introduce this rule.

The use of this minimum tax will result in developing countries who need investment redesigning their tax systems so that they can comply with this minimum tax and continue being attractive for investors. For example, if the country has a tax holiday (0%), or a reduced tax rate (e.g. 5% for a specific business or if activities carried out in a free trade zone or special economic zone) and the minimum tax rate is 9%, the investor will be required to pay the difference between the tax rate (5%) given by the incentive in the developing country and the minimum tax rate (9%) in the country of residence, which most likely will be a developed country.

Would the revenue foregone by the developing country then be transferred to the developed country? And would developing countries be limited in their tax incentives including the tax rate since it cannot be below a minimum rate? In my view, this affects the sovereignty of countries in setting up their own rules, but also the need of developing countries to attract foreign direct investment. Even if tax incentives are not the only motive to invest in one country, the tax incentives have helped in the economic development of underdeveloped/rural areas, and in the development and promotion of specific sectors that need investment (e.g. agribusiness, Eolic energy, river (fluvial) transportation, etc.) (Mosquera, Intertax, 2015). Therefore, foreign investors will need to ensure that their business is profitable from the beginning to be able to guarantee that there is enough profit to pay the minimum tax rate. Since there is not a threshold for the application of the minimum tax rate, it could be reasonably expected that all business carried out abroad will be affected by this minimum tax rate.

What can be done?

In the author’s view, the global anti-base erosion proposal and mainly the income inclusion rule will have a significant influence in the tax policy of developing countries to attract foreign direct investment.

The proposal of the income inclusion rule raises several questions in global tax governance, since by introducing this rule developing countries will have to reconsider their tax incentives. The question is, what will developing countries get in return? Would this proposal help to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda? Would this proposal help developing countries to attract foreign direct investment? And if not, what can be done? One could perhaps look at the threshold, and the type of sector for which this minimum tax rate will be applicable, so that it does not affect sensible sectors in the country (agriculture/manufacturing) or does not affect underdeveloped areas that need a tax incentive to guarantee foreign investor willingness to participate in their economic development.

The current BEPS Project and its Inclusive Framework, and the current proposal of February 2019, call for a new and more inclusive role for the OECD that also considers the needs of developing countries in this process, since all these changes will also affect developing countries. Developing countries cannot be members of the OECD or the G20, therefore this new role for the OECD should be exercised in close cooperation with the United Nations which, until now, was the only organization to which developed and developing countries could apply for membership.